City University Department of Information Science City Home
Search
Site Map

PhD Index       Documentation Index       Go to LandSerf home page

Bibliography

Abrahams, A. D. (1984). Channel networks: A geomorphological perspective. Water Resources Research. 20 (2), 161-168.

Ackermann, F. (1993) Automatic generation of digital elevation models, 16 pp. presented at OEEPE Commision B, DTM Accuracy Meeting, Southampton.

Ammeraal, L. (1986) Programming Principles in Computer Graphics, London: Wiley.

Bailey, T. and Gatrell, A. (1995) Interactive Spatial Data Analysis, Essex: Longman

Bajcsy, R. (1973) Computer description of textured surfaces, Proceedings, 1973 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.572-579

Band, L.E. (1989) A terrain based watershed information system. Hydrological Processes 3, pp.151-162

Band, L. E. (1986). Topographic partition of watersheds with digital elevation models. Water Resources Research 22(1), pp.15-24.

Band, L. E. and Wood, E. F. (1988). Strategies for large scale, distributed hydrologic simulation. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 27, pp.33-37.

Barnsley, M.F. (1988) Fractals Everywhere, Academic Press.

Bathurst, J.C. (1986) Physically-based distributed modelling of an upland catchment using the Systeme Hydrologique Europeen, Journal of Hydrology, 87, pp.79-102.

Beard, M.K., Buttenfield, B.P., and Clapham, S.B. (1991) NCGIA research initiative 7: Visualisation of spatial data quality, Technical Paper 91-26, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Santa Barbara

Bennett, D. A. and Armstrong, M. P. (1989). An inductive bit-mapped classification scheme for terrain feature extraction. Proceedings of the GIS/LIS conference 1989, Orlando. 1, pp.59-68.

Brassel, K. (1974) A model for automatic hill shading. The American Cartographer 1(1), pp. 15-27

Brown, D.G. and Bara, T. J. (1994) Recognition and reduction of systematic error in elevation and derivative surfaces from 7 1/2 minute DEMs, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 60 (2), pp.189-194.

Burrough, P.A. (1981) Fractal dimensions of landscapes and other environmental data. Nature, 294, pp.240-242.

Burrough, P.A. (1986) Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. OUP, Oxford, Ch.8, Methods of interpolation, pp. 147-166.

Burrough, P.A. (1993) Fractals and geostatistical methods in landscape studies, in Lam, N. and De Cola, L. Fractals in Geography, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Burrough, P.A. and Heuvelink, G.B.M. (1992) The sensitivity of Boolean and continuous (fuzzy) logical modelling to uncertain data. Proceedings, EGIS 92, Munich 2, pp.1032-1041

Carter, J.R. (1989) Relative errors identified in USGS DEMs. Proceedings, Auto Carto 9, American Congress on Surveying and mapping, Bethesda, Maryland, pp.255-265

Carter, J. (1992) The effect of data precision on the calculation of slope and aspect using gridded DEMs, Cartographica, 29 (1), pp.22-34.

Cayley, A. (1859). On contour and slope lines. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. XVIII, pp. 264-268.

CERL (1991) The GRASS 4.0 Reference Manual. U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, Illinois.

Chambers (1990) Chambers English Dictionary, 7th Edition, Edinburgh: Chambers.

Chang, K. and Tsai, B. (1991) The effect of DEM resolution on slope and aspect mapping, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 18, pp.69-77.

Chrisman, N.R. (1989) Modeling error in overlaid categorical maps. in Goodchild, M.F. and Gopal, S. (eds.) (1989) The Accuracy of Spatial Databases. Taylor and Francis, London. pp.21-34

Chorley, R.J., Malm, D.E. and Pogorzelski, H.A. (1957) A new standard for estimating drainage basin shape, American Journal of Science, 255(2) pp.138-141.

Chorowicz, J., Ichoku, C., Raizanoff, S., Kim, Y., and Cervelle, B. (1992) A combined algorithm for automated drainage network extraction, Water Resources Research, 28 (5), pp.1293-1302.

Chorowicz, J., Kim, J., Manoussis, S., Rudant, J., Foin, P. and Veillet, I. (1989) A new technique for recognition of geological and geomorphological patterns in digital terrain models, Remote Sensing of Environment, 29 (3), pp.229-239.

Church, M. and Mark, D. (1980) On size and scale in geomorphology, Progress in Physical Geography 4, pp.342-390

Clarke, K.C. (1986) Computation of the fractal dimension of topographic surfaces using the triangular prism surface area method, Computers and Geosciences, 12 (5), pp.713-722.

Clarke, K. C. (1988). Scale based simulation of topographic relief. The American Cartographer 15 (2), pp.171-181.

Clarke, K., and Schweitzer, D. (1991) Measuring the fractal dimension of fractal surfaces using a robust fractal estimator, Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 18 (1)

Cliff, A.D. and Ord, J.K. (1981) Spatial Processes, Models and Applications, London: Pion.

Collins, S. H. (1975). Terrain parameters directly from digital elevation models. Canadian Surveyor 29 (5), pp.507-518.

Cressie, N.A.C. (1993) Statistics for Spatial Data. Ney York: Wiley.

Culling, W.E.H. (1989) The characterization of regular/irregular surfaces in the soil-covered landscape by gaussian random fields, Computers and Geosciences, 15 (2), pp.219-226.

Darling, E. and Joseph, R. (1968) Pattern recognition from satellite altidudes, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Science and Cybernetics, 4, pp.38-47.

Datcu, M. and Seidel, K. (1995) Fractal and multi-resolution techniques for the understanding of geo-information, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.56-84

DiBiase, D. (1990) Visualisation in the earth sceinces, Earth and Mineral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 59(2), pp.13-18.

Dietler, G. (1995) The fractal structure of materials and surfaces, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.325-341.

Dietler, G. and Zhang, Y. (1992) Fractal aspects of the Swiss landscape, Physica A, 191, pp.213-219.

Dikau, R. (1989) The application of a digital relief model to landform analysis in geomorphology. in Three dimensional applications in GIS, Raper, J. ed., Taylor and Francis, London, pp.51-77

Doornkamp, J.C. (1968) The analysis of the morphometric properties of drainage basins by the Spearman's rank correlation technique, in Slaymaker, H.O. (ed) (1968) Morphometric analysis of maps, British Geomorphological Research Group, Occasional Paper, pp.31-40.

Douglas, D. H. (1986). Experiments to locate ridges and channels to create a new type of digital elevation model. Cartographica 23(1), pp.29-61.

Dunkerley, D. L. (1977). The frequency distributions of stream link lengths and the development of channel networks. Journal of Geology, 1985, pp.459-470.

Dury, G.H. (1951) Quantitive measurement of available relief and depth of dissection, Geological Magazine, 88(5), pp.339-343.

Dykes, J.A. (1994) Area-value data: New visual emphases and representations. in Hearnshaw and Unwin (eds) (1994) Visualization in Geographical Information Systems, Chichester: Wiley, pp.103-114

Evans, I. S. (1972). General geomorphometry, derivatives of altitude, and descriptive statistics. in Chorley, R. J. ed. Spatial Analysis in Geomorphology, Methuen, London. pp.17-90.

Evans, I.S. (1979) An integrated system of terrain analysis and slope mapping. Final report on grant DA-ERO-591-73-G0040, University of Durham, England.

Evans, I.S. (1980) An integrated system of terrain analysis and slope mapping. Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, Suppl-Bd 36, pp.274-295.

Evans, I.S. (1981) General geomorphometry, in Goudie, A.S. (ed.), Geomorphological Tachniques, pp.31-37.

Evans, I.S. (1984) Correlation structures and factor analysis in the investigation of data dimensionality: statistical properties of the Wessex land surface, England, International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich, 1, pp.98-116.

Fairfield, J. and Leymarie, P. (1991) Drainage networks from grid digital elevation models, Water Resources Research, 27(5), pp.709-717.

Feder, J. (1988) Fractals, Plenum Press.

Frederiksen, P., Jacobi, O., and Kubik, K. (1984) Modelling and classifying terrain, International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, XXV, Part A3a, pp.256-257.

Fioravanti, S. (1995) Multifractals: theory and application to image texture recognition, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.152-175

Fisher, P.F. (1990) Simulation of error in digital elevation models. Papers and Proceedings of the 13th Applied Geography Conference 13, pp. 37-43

Fisher, P.F. (1991a) Modelling soil map-unit inclusions by Monte Carlo simulation, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 5(2), pp.192-208.

Fisher, P.F. (1991b) First experiments in viewshed uncertainty: The accuracy of the viewshed area. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 57 (10) pp.1321-1327

Fisher, P.F. (1992) First experiments in viewshed uncertainty: Simulating fuzzy viewsheds. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58 (4) pp.345-352

Fisher P.F. (1993) Algorithm and implementation uncertainty in viewshed analysis, International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, vol 7 (4) pp.331-347

Fox, C.G. (1989) Empirically derived relationships between fractal dimension and power law form frequency spectra, Pure and Applied Geophysics, 131 (1/2) pp.211-239.

Frank, A., Palmer, B. and Robinson, V. (1986) Formal methods of the accurate definition of some fundamental terms in physical geography, Proceedings, Second International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Seattle, pp.583-599.

Gallant, J.C. and Hutchinson, M.F. (1996) Towards an understanding of landscape scale and structure, Proceedings, Third International Conference on Integrating GIS and Environmental Modelling, http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/santa_fe.html, Santa Barbara: National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis

Garbrecht, J. and Martz, L. (1993) Grid size dependency of parameters from digital elevation models, 12 pp. (source unknown)

Garbrecht, J. and Starks, P. (1995) Note on the use of USGS level 1 7.5-minute DEM coverages for landscape drainage analyses, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61 (5), pp.519-522.

Gardner, T.W., Sasowsky, K.C., and Day, R.L. (1990) Automated extraction of geomorphometric properties form digital elevation data, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie Suppl. 80, pp.57-68.

Gilbert, L. E. (1989) Are topographic data sets fractal ? Pure and Applied Geophysics, 131(1/2), pp.241-254.

Glock, W.S. (1932) Available relief as a factor of contol in the profile of a land form, Journal of Geology, 40(1), pp.74-83.

Gonzalez, R. C. and Woods, R.C. (1992) Digitial Image Processing, Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley.

Goodchild, M.F. (1980) Fractals and the accuracy of geographical measures, Mathematical Geology 12(2), pp.85-98

Goodchild, M.F. (1982) The fractional Brownian process as a terrain simulation model, Modelling and Simulation, 13, pp.1133-1137.

Goodchild, M. F. (1986) Spatial Autocorrelation, Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography (CATMOG) 47, GeoBooks, Norwich.

Goodchild, M. F. (1988). Lakes on fractal surfaces: A null hypothesis for lake-rich landscapes. Mathematical Geology 20,6, pp.615-630.

Goodchild, M.F. and Grandfield, A.W. (1983) Optimizing raster storage: An evaluation of four alternatives, Proceedings, Sixth International Symposium on Automated Cartography, Ottowa (Auto-Carto VI), 2, pp.400-407.

Goodchild, M.F. and Gopal, S. (eds.) (1989) The Accuracy of Spatial Databases. Taylor and Francis, London.

Goodchild, M.F., Guoqing, S. and Shiren, Y. (1992) Development and test of an error model for categorical data. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 6 (2) pp.87-104

Goodchild, M. F. and Mark, D. M. (1987). The fractal nature of geographic phenomena. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 77(2), pp.265-278.

Goudie, A. (1990) (ed) Geomorphological Techniques (second edition), London: Unwin for the British Geomorphological Research Group.

Gould, P.R. (1967) On the geographical interpretation of eigenvalues, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 42, pp.53-86.

Govaerts, Y and Verstraete, M. (1995) Applications of the L-systems to canopy reflectance modelling in a Monte Carlo ray tracing technique in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.211-236

Graff, L.H. and Usery, E.L. (1993) Automated classification of generic terrain features in digital elevation models, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 59(9), pp.1409-1417.

Graps, A. (1995) An introduction to wavelets, IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, 2(2), 18 pp.

Guth, P. (1992) Spatial analysis of DEM error, Proceedings, ASPRS/ACSM Annual Meeting, Washington DC, pp.187-196.

Haber, R.B. and McNabb, D.A. (1990) Visualisation idioms: a conceptual model for scientific visualisation systems, in Neilson, M., Shriver, B., and Rosenblaum, L. (1990) Visualisation in scientific computing, IEEE Computer Society Press.

Hack, J.T. (1957) Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and Maryland, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper294-B, pp.45-94.

Haining, R., Griffith, D. and Bennett, R. (1983) Simulating two-dimensional autocorrelated surfaces, Geographical Analysis, 15(3), pp.247-255

Hakanson, L. (1978) The length of closed geomorphic lines, Mathematical Geology 10, pp.141-167.

Hannah, M.J. (1981) Error detection and correction in digital terrain models. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 47(1), pp.63-69.

Haralick, R.M., Shanmugam, K. and Dinstein, I. (1973) Textural features for image classification. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, 3(6), pp.610-611.

Haralick, R.M. (1979) Statistical and structural approaches to texture, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 4(7), pp.394-396.

Haralick, R.M. (1983) Ridge and valley on digital images, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 22(1), pp.28-38.

Heerdegen, R.G. and Beran, M.A. (1982) Quantifying source areas through land surface curvature and slope, Journal of Hydrology, 57 (3-4), pp.359-373.

Heuvelink, G.B. (1993) Error Propagation in Quantitiative Spatial Modelling. Applications in Geographical Information Systems, University of Utrecht.

Hodgson, M.E. (1995) What cell size does the computed slope / aspect angle represent ? Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61(5), pp. 513-517.

Horton, R.E. (1945) Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins, hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology, Bulleting, Geological Society of America, 56(3), pp.275-370.

Huang, J. and Turcotte, D. (1989) Fractal mapping of digitized images - application to the topography of Arizona and comparisons with synthetic images, Journal of Geophysical Research 94 (B6), pp.7491-7495

Huang, J. and Turcotte, D. (1990) Fractal image analysis: application to the topography of Oregon and synthetic images, Journal of the Optical Socisty of America A, 7(6), pp.1124-1130

Hunter, G.J. and Goodchild, M.F. (1995) Dealing with error in spatial databases: A simple case study, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 61)5), pp.529-537.

Hurst, H., Black, R., and Simaika, Y. (1965) Long-Term Storage: An Experimental Study, London: Constable.

Hutchinson, M.F. (1989). A new procedure for gridding elevation and stream line data with automatic removal of spurious pits. Journal of Hydrology 106, pp.211-232.

Imhof, E. (1982) Cartographic Relief Presentation, (ed Steward, H.J), Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

Isaaks, E.H. and Srivastava, R.M. (1989) An Introduction to Applied Geostatistics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Jarvis, R.S. (1981) Specific geomorphometry, in Goudie, A.S. (ed.), Geomorphological Tachniques, pp.42-46.

Jarvis, R. S. and Sham, C. H. (1981). Drainage network structure and the diameter magnitude relation. Water Resources Research. 17, pp.1019-1027.

Jenson, S. K. (1985). Automated detection of hydrologic basin characteristics from digital elevation model data. Digital Representation of Spatial Knowledge, Auto-Carto 7., American society of Photogrammetry and the American Congress on Surveying and Mapping. pp.301-310.

Jenson, S.K. (1991) Applications of hydrologic information automatically extracted from digital elevation models, Hydrological Processes 5, pp.31-44.

Jenson, S. K. and Domingue, J. O. (1988). Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information system analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54(11), pp.1593-1600.

Johnson, D. (1933) Available relief and texture of topography, a discussion, Journal of Geology, 41(3), pp.293-305.

de Jong, S. (1995) Mapping Spatial Variablility in Landscapes: An example using fractal dimensions, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.176-210.

Kaizer, H. (1955) A quantification of textures on aerial photographs, Technical Note 121, AD 69484, Boston University Research Laboratory.

Kidner, D.B., Jones, C.B., Knight, D.G. and Smith, D.H. (1990) Digital terrain models for radio path profiles. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich, pp.240.

King, C.A. (1968) A morphometric example of factor analysis in Slaymaker, H.O. (ed) Morphometric analysis of maps, British Geomorphological Research Group, Occasional Pape, pp.41-48.

Klinkenberg, B. (1992) Fractals and morphometric measures: is there a relationship ? Geomorphology 5, pp.5-20

Klinkenberg, B. and Goodchild, M. (1992) The fractal properties of topography: A comparison of methods, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17, pp.217-234.

Knighton, A.D. (1984) Fluvial Forms and Processes, London: Arnold.

Kumler, M.P. (1994) An intensive comparison of traiangulated irregular networks (TINs) and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), Cartographica, Monograph, 31(2).

Lam, N. (1983) Spatial Interpolation methods: A review, American Cartographer, 10, pp.129-149.

Lam, N. and De Cola, L. (1993) Fractals in Geography, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Lammers, R. and Band, L. (1990) Automating object representation of drainage basins, Computers and Geosciences, 16 (6), pp. 787-810

Lavalle, D., Lovejoy, S., Schertzer, D. and Ladoy, D. (1993) Non-linear variability in landscape topography: Multifractal analysis and simulation, in Lam, N. and De Cola, L. (eds) Fractals in Geography, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall

Lee, J., Snyder, P.K. and Fisher, P.F. (1992) Modelling the effect of data errors on feature extraction from digital elevation models. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 58(10) pp.1461-1467

Lévy-Véhel, J. (1995) Multifractal analysis of remotely sensed images, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN, pp.85-101.

Lewis, L.A. (1968) Analysis of surficial landform properties-the regionalization of Indiana into units of morphometric similarity, Proceedings of the Indiana Acadamy of Science, 78, pp.317-328.

Li, Z. (1988) On the measure of digital terrain model accuracy. Photogrammetric Record, 72 (12), pp.873-877.

Li, Z. (1993a) Theoretical models of the accuracy of digital terrain models: An evaluation and some observations, Photogrammetric Record 14 (82), pp.651-659.

Li, Z. (1993b) Mathematical models of the accuracy of digital terrain model surfaces linearly constructed from square gridded data, Photogrammetric Record 14 (82), pp.661-673.

Lifton, N.A. and Chase, C.G. (1992) Tectonic, climatic, and lithologic influences on landscape fractal dimension and hypsometry: Implications for landscape evolution in the San Gabriel mountains, California, Geomorphology 5, pp.77-114.

Lovejoy, S. and Schertzer, D. (1995) How bright is the coast of Brittany ?, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.102-151

Lu, S.Y. and Fu, K.S. (1978) A syntactic approach to texture analysis, Computer Graphics and Image Processing, 7(3), pp.303-330

MacEachren, A.M. and Davidson, J.V. (1987) Sampling and isometric mapping of continuous geographic surfaces. The American Cartographer 14,(4) pp.299-320.

Mackaness, W. and Beard, K. (1993) Use of graph theory to support map generalisation, Cartography and Geographical Information Systems, 20(4), pp.210-221.

McLaren, R.A., and Kennie, T.J.M. (1989) Visualisation of digital terrain models: techniques and applications. in Three dimensional applications in GIS, Raper, J. ed., Taylor and Francis, London, pp.80-98

Mandelbrot, B.B (1967) How long is the coastline of Britain ? Statistical self-similarity and fractional dimension, Science 156, pp.636-638.

Mandelbrot, B.B. (1975) Les Objects Fractal: Forme, Hasard et Dimension, Paris: Flammarion

Mandelbrot, B.B. (1977) Fractals: Form, Chance and Dimension, San Fransisco: WH Freeman

Mandelbrot, B.B. (1982) The Fractal Geometry of Nature, New York: WH Freeman

Mandelbrot, B.B. (1986) Self-affine fractal sets, in Pietronero, L. and Tosatti, E. (eds) Fractals in Physics, Holland, pp.3-28

Mark, D.M. (1975a) Geomorphometric parameters: a review and classification, Geografiska Annaler 57 A, pp.165-177.

Mark, D.M. (1975b) Computer analysis of topography: a comparison of terrain storage methods, Geografiska Annaler 57 A, pp.179-188.

Mark, D.M. (1979) Topology of ridge patterns, randomness and constraints, Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 90(2) pp.164-172.

Mark, D. M. (1983a). Automated detection of drainage networks from digital elevation models. in: Wellar, B. S. Automated Cartography:international perspectives on achievements and challenges. Ottawa, Auto-Carto Six 2, pp.168-177.

Mark, D. M. (1983b). Relations between field-surveyed channel networks and map-based geomorphometric measures, Inez, Kentucky. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 73, pp.358-272.

Mark, D. M. and Aronson, P.B. (1984) Scale-Dependent fractal dimensions of topographic surfaces: An empirical investigation with applications in geomorphology and computer mapping, Mathematical Geology, 16 (7), pp.671-683.

Marks, D., Dozier, J. and Frew, J. (1983). Automated basin delineation from digital terrain data. NASA Technical Memorandum 84984.

Martz, L.W. and DeJong, E. (1988) Catch: A Fortran program for measuring catchment area from digital elevation models, Computers and Geosciences, 14(5), pp.627-640.

Martz, L.W. and Garbrecht, J. (1992) Numerical definition of drainage network and subcatchment areas from Digital Elevation Models. Computers and Geosciences, 18 (6), pp. 747-761

Maxwell, J.C. (1870). On contour lines and measurements of heights. The London, Edinburgh and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 40, pp.421-427.

McKim, R.H. (1972) Experiences in Visual Thinking, Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Meisels, A., Raizman, S. and Karnieli, A. (1995) Skeletonizing a DEM into a drainage network, Computers and Geosciences, 21 (1), pp.187-196.

Miller, R.L. and Kahn, J.S. (1962) Statistical Analysis in the Geological Sciences, John Wiley, London.

Mitasova H. (1992) Surfaces and Modelling, Grassclippings, The Journal of Open Geographical Information Systems, 6 (3), pp.16-18.

Mitasova H. and Mitas, L. (1993) Interpolation by regularized spline with tension: I theory and implementation, Mathematical Geology.

Monckton, C. (1994) An investigation into the spatial structure of error in digital elevation data, Innovations in GIS 1, pp.201-211, London: Taylor and Francis.

Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. (1952) Maps and Diagrams: Their Compilation and Construction. 3rd edition, 1971, London:Methuen

Moore, I.D., Grayson, R.B. and Ladson, A.R (1991) Digital terrain modelling: A review of hydrological, geomorphological and biological applications, Hydrological Processes 5, pp.3-30.

Morris, D.G. and Flavin, R.W. (1984) A digital terrain model for hydrology, 4th International Sysmposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich, pp.250-262.

Morris, D.G. and Heerdegen, R.G. (1988) Automatically derived catchment boundaries and channel networks and their hydrological applications. Geomorphology 1, pp.131-141

O'Callaghan, J. F. and Mark, D. M. (1984). The extraction of drainage networks from digital elevation data. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing. 28, pp.323-344.

Ohmori, H. and Hirano, M. (1984) Mathematical explanation of some characteristics of altitude distributions of landforms in an equilibrium state, Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union, 5(4), pp.293-310.

Oliver, M., Webster, R. and Gerrard, J. (1989a) Geostatistics in physical geography. Part I: theory, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 14, pp.259-269.

Oliver, M., Webster, R. and Gerrard, J. (1989b) Geostatistics in physical geography. Part II: applications, Transactions, Institute of British Geographers, 14, pp.270-286.

Onorati, G., Poscolieri, M., Ventura, R., Chiarini, V. and Crucilla, U. (1992) The digital elevation model of Italy for geomorphology and structural geology, Catena 19, pp.147-178.

Ordnance Survey (1992) 1:50 000 Scale Height Data User Manual. Ordnance Survey, Maybush, Southampton.

Ordnance Survey (1993) A Technical Guide for Sample Digital Map Data in National Transfer Format Version 2.0. Ordnance Survey, Maybush, Southampton.

Ostman, A. (1987) Accuracy estimation of digital elevation data banks, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 53 (4), pp.425-430

Outcalt, S. and Melton, M. (1992) Geomorphic application of the Hausdorff-Besicovich dimension, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 17, pp. 775-787.

Ovenden, J. C. and Gregory, K. J. (1980) The permanence of stream networks in Britain. Earth Surface Processes. 5, pp.47-60.

Palacois-Velez, O. L. and Cuevas-Renaud, B. (1986). Automated river-course, ridge and basin delineation from digital elevation data. Journal of Hydrology 86, pp.299-314.

Peitgen, H.O. and Saupe, D. (1988) (eds) The Science of Fractal Images, pp.312, London: Springer-Verlag.

Pentland, A. P. (1984) Fractal based description of natural scenes, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, PAMI-6 (6), pp.661-674.

Petrie, G. and Kennie, T.J. (1990) (eds) Terrain Modelling in Surveying and Civil Engineering, Caithness: Whittles.

Peucker, T.K. (1978) Data structures for digital terrain models - discussion and comparison, in Dutton, G. (ed), Harvard Papers on Geographic Information Systems.

Peucker, T. K. and Douglas, D. H. (1974). Detection of surface specific points by local parallel processing of discrete terrain elevation data. Computer Graphics and Image Processing 4, pp.375-387.

Pike, R.J. (1988) The geometric signature: Quantifying landslide terrain types from digital elevation models, Mathematical Geology, 20 (5), pp.491-511.

Pike, R.J. (1993) A bibliography of geomorphometry, United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 93-262-A, pp. 132, Menlo Park, CA.

Pfaltz, J. L. (1976). Surface networks. Geographical Analysis 8(1), pp.77-93.

Polidori, L. (1995) Fractal-based eevaluation of relief mapping techniques, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.277-297.

Polidori, L. and Chorowicz, J. (1990) Modelling terrestrial relief with Brownian motion: Application to digital elevation data evaluation and resampling, EARSeL Symposium, Graz.

Polidori, L., Chorowicz, J. and Guillande, R. (1991) Description of terrain as a fractal surface, and application to digital elevation model quality assessment, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 57 (10), pp.1329-1332

Press, W.H., Flannery, B.P., Teukolsky, S.A. and Vetterling, W.T. (1992) Numerical Recipes In C - The Art of Scientific Computing, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press.

Qian, J., Ehrich, R.W., and Campbell, J.B. (1990) DNESYS - an expert system for automatic extraction fo drainage networks from digital elevation data, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 28(1), pp.29-45.

Quinn, P., Beven, K., Chevallier, P. and Planchon, O. (1991) The prediction of hillslope flow paths for distributed hydrological modelling using digital terrain models, Hydrological Processes 5, pp.59-79.

Rees, W.G. (1995) Characterisation and imaging of fractal topography, in Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.298-324

Richards, K.S. (1981) Introduction to morphometry, in Goudie, A.S. (ed.), Geomorphological Tachniques, pp.25-30.

Richardson, L.F. (1961) The problem of contiguity: an appendix of statistics of deadly quarrels, General Systems Yearbook, 6, pp.139-187.

Riley, S. (1993) The automated extraction of drainage networks from DEMs and remotely sensed images, Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Leicester.

Robinson, G. (1993) Measuring the accuracy of Ordnance Survey digital elevation data, Ordnance Survey Technical Report, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Rosenfeld, A. and Kak, A. (1982). Digital Picture Processing. Academic Press, Orlando.

Roy, A., Gravel, G. and Gauthier, C. (1987) Measuring the dimension of surfaces: a review and appriasal of different methods, Proceedings, 8th International Sysposium on Computer Assisted Cartography, Baltimore, Maryland, (Auto-Carto 8), pp.68-77.

Saupe, D. (1988) Algorithms for random fractals, pp.71-133, in Peitgen, H.O. and Saupe, D. (1988) (eds) The Science of Fractal Images, London: Springer-Verlag.

Schalkoff, R.J. (1989) Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision, London: Wiley and Sons.

Schertzer, D. and Lovejoy, S. (1995) Standard and advanced multifractal techniques in remote sensing, in, Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN. pp.11-40.

Schumm, S.A. (1956) Evolution of drainage systems and slopes in badlands at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, Bulletin, Geological Society of America, 67(5), pp.597-646.

SDTS (1990) The Spatial Data Transfer Standard. US Government Printing Office, US Geological Survey Bulletin, Washington DC.

Seemuller, W.W. (1989) The extraction of ordered vector drainage networks from elevation data, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 47, pp.45-48.

Serra, J. (1982) Image Analyis and Mathematical Morphology, New York: Academic Press

Shapiro, M. and Westervelt, J. (1992) r.mapcalc: An algebra for GIS and Image Processing, US Army Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign IL.

Shreve, R. L. (1966). Statistical law of stream numbers. Journal of Geology. 74, 17-37.

Shreve, R. L. (1974). Variation of mainstream length with basin area in river networks. Water Resources Research. 10, pp.1167-1177.

Skidmore, A.K. (1989) A comparison of techniques for calculating gradient and aspect from a gridded digital elevation model. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems, 3(4), pp. 323-334

Skidmore, A. K. (1990). Terrain position as mapped from a gridded digital elevation model. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 4(1), pp.33-49.

Slaymaker, H.O. (ed) (1968) Morphometric analysis of maps, British Geomorphological Research Group, Occasional Paper.

Smith, G.H. (1935) The relative relief of Ohio: Geographical Review, 25(2), pp.272-284

Smith, T.R., Zhan, C. and Gao, P. (1990) A knowledge-based two-step procedure for extracting channel networks from noisy DEM data, Computers and Geosciences 16(6), pp.777-786.

Snow, R.S. and Mayer, L. (eds) (1993) Fractals in geomorphology, Geomorphology 5 (1/2) (Special Issue)

Speight, J. G. (1968). Parametric description of landform. in Stewart, G. A. (ed), Land Evaluation, Proceedings of the CSIRO/UNESCO symposium, Canberra 26-31, pp.239-250.

Speight, J.G. (1973). A parametric approach to landform regions, Institute of British Geographers Special Publication 7: Progress in Geomorphology, pp.213-230.

Speight, J.G. (1976). Numerical classification of landform elements from air photo data, Zeitschrift fur Geomorphologie, pp.154-168.

Srinivasan, R. and Engel, B.A. (1991) Effect of slope prediction methods on slope and erosion estimates, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 7 (6), pp.779-783.

STDS (1990) The Spatial Data Transfer Standard, US Government Printing Office, Washington DC: USGS Bulletin.

Steinhaus, H. (1954) Length, shape and area, Colloquium Mathematicum 3, pp.1-13.

Steinhaus, H. (1960) Mathematical Snapshots, London: Oxford University Press.

Stephenson, G. (1973) Mathematical Methods for Science Students, London: Longman.

Strahler, A.N. (1964) Quantitative geomorphology of drainage basins and channel networks, in Chow, V. (ed) Handbook of Applied Hydrology,NY: McGraw-Hill, pp.39-76

Struve, H. (1977) An Automated Procedure for Slope Map Construction, Final Report on project 4A152121A896, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.

Tamura, H., Mori, S., and Yamawaki, T. (1978) Textural features corresponding to visual perception. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 8 (6) pp.460-473.

Tang, L. (1992) Automatic extraction of specific geomorphological elements from contours, Proceedings, 5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Charleston, SC. Vol 2, pp.554-566.

Tarboton, D.G., Bras, R.L., and Rodriques-Iturbe, I. (1991) On the extraction of channel networks from digital elevation data, Hydrological Processes, 5, pp.81-100.

Thompson, D.W (1917) On Growth and Form, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Tobler, W.R. (1969) An analysis of a digitized surface in Davis, C.M. (ed) A Study of the Land Type, Report DA-31-124-ARO-D-456, pp.59-76, Deptartment of Goegraphy, University of Michigan.

Tomita, F., Shirai, Y., Tsuji, S. (1982) Description of texture by structural analysis, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 4(2), pp.183-191.

Tomlin C. (1989) Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modelling.

Tribe, A. (1990). Towards the automated recognition of landforms (valley heads) from digital elevation models. Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, 1990, Zurich, Switzerland. 1, pp.45-52.

Tricart, J. (1947) Sur quelques indices geomorphometriques, Comptes Rendues hebdomadaires des Seances de l'Academie des Sciences (Paris), 255, pp.747-749.

Tufte, E.R. (1990) Envisioning Information, Cheshire, CN: Graphics Press.

USGS (1987) Digital Elevation Models Data Users Guide. Technical Instructions, Data Users Guide 5, National Mapping Program, United States Geological Survey, Reston, VA.

Unwin, D.J. (1975) Introduction to trend surface analysis, Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography (CATMOG) 5 pp.40. Norwich:Geobooks.

Unwin, D.J. (1989) Fractals in the geosciences, Computers and Geosciences, 15(2) pp.163-165.

Unwin, D.J. and Wrigley, N. (1987) Towards a general theory of control point distribution effects in trend-surface models, Computers and Geosciences Vol 13 (4), pp.351-355

Venig-Meinesz, F.A. (1951) A remarkable feature of the Earth's topography, Proceedings, K. Ned Akad, Wet Ser B Phys Sci, 54, pp.212-228.

Voss, R.F. (1985) Random fractal forgeries, in Earnshaw, R.A. (ed), Fundamental Algorithms in Computer Graphics, NATO ASI Series, F17, New York: Springer-Verlag, pp.805-835,

Voss, R.F. (1988) Fractals in nature: From characterisation to simulation, in Peitgen, H. and Saupe D. (eds) The Science of Fractal Images, London: Springer-Verlag, pp.21-70.

Walsh, S.J., Lightfoot, D.R., and Butler, D.R. (1987) Recognition and assessment of error in geographic information systems. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing. 53, pp.1423-1430.

Warntz, W. (1966). The topology of socio-economic terrain and spatial flows. Papers of the Regional Science Association. 17, pp.47-61.

Wartenberg, D. (1985) Multivariate spatial correlation: A method for exploring geographical analysis, Geographical Analysis, 17(4), pp.263-283.

Weibel, R. and Heller, M. (1990). A framework for digital terrain modelling, 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich, pp.219-229

Weibel, R. and Heller, M. (1991). Digital Terrain Modelling. in: Maguire, D. J., Goodchild, M. F., and Rhind, D. W. (eds.) Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications, pp.269-297, Longman, London.

Werner, C. (1988) Formal analysis of ridge and channel patterns in maturely eroded terrain. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 78 (2), pp. 253-270.

Weszka, J, Dyer, C., Rosenfeld, A. (1976) A comparative study of texture measures for terrain classification, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 6(4), pp.269-285.

Wilkinson, G, Kanellopoulos, I. and Mégier, J. (1995) (eds) Fractals in Geosciences and Remote Sensing, Joint Research Centre, Report EUR 16092 EN.

Wolf, G.W. (1984). A mathematical model of cartographic generalization. Geo-Processing 2, pp.271-286.

Wolf, G.W. (1989). Data structures for the topological characterisation of topographic surfaces. Paper presented at the Sixth European Colloquium of Theoretical and Quantitative Geography, Chantilly, France.

Wolf, G.W. (1991) A Fortran subroutine for cartographic generalisation, Computers and Geosciences, 17(10), pp.1359-1281.

Wood, J.D. (1990a). Automated surface feature detection from digital elevation data. Part one: a review and classification. Midlands Regional Research Report no. 20.

Wood, J.D. (1990b) Automated surface feature detection from digital elevation data. Part two: Implementation. Midlands Regional Research Laboratory Research Report no. 21.

Wood J.D. (1993) Measuring and reporting the accuracy of Ordnance Survey digital elevation data, Ordnance Survey Technical Report, Ordnance Survey, Southampton.

Wood, J.D. (1995) Scale-based characterisation of Digital Elevation Models, Proceedings, 3rd National Conference on GIS Research UK (GISRUK '95), Newcastle.

Wood J. and Fisher P. (1993) Assessing interpolation accuracy in elevation models, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 13 (2), pp.48-56.

Wood, J., Unwin, D., Stynes, K., Fisher, P. and Dykes, J. (1996) The use of the landscape metaphor in understanding spatial data, Environment and Planning B, (in press).

Wood, W.F. and Snell J.B. (1957) The dispersion of geomorphic data around measures of central tendency and its application, US Army Quartermaster Research and Development Center, Research Study Report EA-8.

Wood, W.F. and Snell J.B. (1960) A Quantitative system for classifying landforms,US Army Quartermaster Research and Development Center, Technical Report EP-124.

Young, M. (1978) Terrain analysis: program documentation. Statistical Characterisation of altitude matrices by computer: Report 5 on grant DA-ERO-591-73-G0040, University of Durham, England.

Yuan, L. P. and Vanderpool N. L. (1986). Drainage network simulation. Computers and Geosciences 12 (5), pp.653-665.

Yoeli, P. (1967) Mechanisation in analytical hill-shading. Cartographic Journal 4, pp.82-88

Yoeli, P. (1984) Computer assisted determination of the valley and ridge lines of digital terrain models, International Yearbook of Cartography, 24, pp.197-206.

Yoeli, P. (1986) Computer executed production of a regular grid of height points from digital contours, The American Cartographer 13(3), pp.219-229

Yokoya, N., Yamamoto, N. and Funakubo, N. (1989) Fractal-based analysis and interpolation of 3D natureal surface shapes and their application to terrain modelling, Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing, 46, pp.284-302

Zevenbergen, L.W. and Thorne, C.R. (1987) Quantitative analysis of land surface topography. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 12, pp.47-56.

Zhang, M.C., Campbell, J.B. and Haralick, R.M. (1990). Automatic delineation of drainage basins within digital elevation data using the topographic primal sketch. Mathematical Geology 22 (2), pp.189-209.

Jo Wood, March, 1996
jwo@soi.city.ac.uk